Amikacin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from kanamycin and is used similarly to gentamicin in the treatment of severe Gram-negative and other infections. It is given as the sulfate, and is generally reserved for the treatment of severe infections caused by susceptible bacteria that are resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin.
Azlocillin has an antimicrobial action similar to that of piperacillin. Its activity in vitro against Enterobacteriaceae is generally less than that of mezlocillin or piperacillin, but it has comparable activity to piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Sultamicillin is given orally as tablets containing sultamicillin tosilate or as oral suspension containing sultamicillin. It is used in the treatment of infections where beta-lactamase-producing organisms might occur, including uncomplicated gonorrhoea, otitis media, and respiratory-tract and urinary-tract infections.
The name benzylpenicillin is commonly used to describe either benzylpenicillin potassium or benzylpenicillin sodium as these are the forms in which benzylpenicillin is used. Benzylpenicillin means either the potassium or sodium salt. The potassium salt of a substance produced by growing certain strains of Penicillium notatum or related organisms or obtained by any other means. A white or almost white crystalline powder.
Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is bactericidal and has a similar mode of action to that of benzylpenicillin, but as an aminopenicillin with an amino group side-chain attached to the basic penicillin structure, ampicillin is better able to penetrate the outer membrane of some Gram-negative bacteria and has a broader spectrum of activity.
Didanosine is converted intracellularly to its active form dideoxyadenosine triphosphate. This triphosphate halts the DNA synthesis of retrovirases, including HIV, through competitive inhibition of reverse transcriptase and incorporation into viral DNA.
Delavirdine acts by non-competitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; it binds to the enzyme, disrupting the conformation of its catalytic site and impairing its RNA- and DNA-dependent polymerase activity. Resistance to delavirdine and emergence of cross-resistance to other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been seen.
Darunavir is a selective inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. It interferes with the formation of essential viral proteins making them incapable of infecting other cells. Viral resistance develops rapidly when HIV-protease inhibitors are given alone and therefore they are used with other antiretrovirals.
Cidofovir undergoes intracellular phosphorylation by cellular kinases to the antiviral metabolite, cidofovir diphosphate, which acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase. It is active against a range of herpesviruses including CMV, and, since its activity is not reliant on viral enzymes, may retain activity against some aciclovir- and foscarnet-resistant viruses. Cross-resistance with ganciclovir is common.
Atazanavir is a selective, competitive, reversible inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. It interferes with the formation of essential viral proteins making them incapable of infecting other cells. Viral resistance develops rapidly when HIV-protease inhibitors are given alone and therefore they are used with other antiretrovirals.