Antibacterial drugs

Loracarbef is an oral carbacephem antibiotic. The carbacephems are closely related to the cephalosporins, but replacement of the sulfur atom in the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid nucleus by a methylene group is said to enhance stability. It is used similarly to cefaclor in the treatment of susceptible infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts and of skin and soft tissue.

Lomefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial with actions and uses similar to those of ciprofloxacin. It is given orally for the treatment of susceptible infections, including bronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis (Branhamella catarrhalis), and urinary-tract infections.

Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibacterial with actions similar to those of gentamicin. It has been used in the treatment of susceptible Gram-negative and staphylococcal infections, including gonorrhoea and neonatal gonococcal eye infections, although its use has declined in many centres because of the development of resistance.

Cefalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibacterial. It is given orally for the treatment of susceptible infections including those of the respiratory and urinary tracts and of the skin.

Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibacterial that is the parahydroxy derivative of cefalexin, and is used similarly in the treatment of mild to moderate susceptible infections.

Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibacterial with activity against a range of aerobic Gram-positive bacteria including vancomycin-resistant enterococci and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is less active against Gram-negative bacteria, but has some in-vitro activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella spp., Moraxella catarrhalis (Branhamella catarrhalis), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Pasteurella spp.

Levofloxacin is generally considered to be about twice as active as ofloxacin, the racemic substance. Levofloxacin has a broad spectrum of activity which includes Gram-positive bacteria.

Gatifloxacin is reported to have greater activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including pneumococci, than ciprofloxacin.

Fusidic acid is a steroidal antibacterial with a bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. Fusidic acid inhibits bacterial protein synthesis although, in contrast to drugs such as the macrolides or tetracyclines, it does not bind to the bacterial ribosome, but inhibits a factor necessary for translocation of peptide subunits and elongation of the peptide chain.

Fosfomycin is a bactericidal antibacterial. After active uptake into the cell it is reported to interfere with the first step in the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is active in vitro against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, some streptococci, most Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria spp., and some strains of’ Pseudomonas aeruginosa although some are resistant. Bacteroides spp. are not sensitive.